The majority of successful senior managers do not
closely follow the classical rational model of first clari-
fying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options,
estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision,
(5) and only then taking action to implement the decision.
Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these
senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed “intu-
ition” to mangage a network of interrelated problems
that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency,
(10) novelty, and surprise; and to integrate action into the
process to thinking.
Generations of writers on management have recog-
nized that some practicing managers rely heavily on
intuition. In general, however, such writers display a
(15) poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the oppo-
site of rationality: others view it as an excuse for ca-
priciousness.
Isenberg’s recent research on the cognitive processes
of senior managers reveals that managers’ intuition is
(20) neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition
in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense
when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intu-
ition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly.
This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based
(25) on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experi-
ence that build skills. A third function of intuition is to
synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an inte-
grated picture, often in an “Aha!” experience. Fourth,
some managers use intuition as a check on the results
(30) of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are
familiar with the formal decision analysis models and
tools, and those who use such systematic methods for
reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions
suggested by these methods which run counter to their
(35) sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers
can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move
rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this
way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive
process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.
(40) One of the implications of the intuitive style of execu-
tive management is that “thinking” is inseparable from
acting. Since managers often “know” what is right
before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently
act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied
(45) to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers
develop thoughts about their companies and organiza-
tions not by analyzing a problematic situation and then
acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.
Given the great uncertainty of many of the manage-
(50) ment issues that they face, senior managers often insti-
gate a course of action simply to learn more about an
issue. They then use the results of the action to develop
a more complete understanding of the issue. One impli-
cation of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often
(55) part of defining the problem, not just of implementing
the solution.
19. According to the passage, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to
(A) speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem
(B) identify a problem
(C) bring together disparate facts
(D) stipulate clear goals（D）
(E) evaluate possible solutions to a problem
D
20. The passage suggests which of the following about the “writers on management” mentioned in line 12?
(A) They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.
(B) They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.
(C) They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.
(D) They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.（D）
(E) They have not acknowledged the role of intuition in managerial practice.
D
21. Which of the following best exemplifies “an ‘Aha!’ experience” (line 28) as it is presented in the passage?
(A) A manager risks taking an action whose outcome is unpredictable to discover whether the action changes the problem at hand.
(B) A manager performs well-learned and familiar behavior patterns in creative and uncharacteristic ways to solve a problem.
(C) A manager suddenly connects seemingly unrelated facts and experiences to create a pattern relevant to the problem at hand.
(D) A manager rapidly identifies the methodology used to compile data yielded by systematic analysis.（C）
(E) A manager swiftly decides which of several sets of tactics to implement in order to deal with the contingencies suggested by a problem.
C
22. According to the passage, the classical model of decision analysis includes all of the following EXCEPT
(A) evaluation of a problem
(B) creation of possible solutions to a problem
(C) establishment of clear goals to be reached by the decision
(D) action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problem（D）
(E) comparison of the probable effects of different solutions to a problem
D
23. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis?
(A) Manager X analyzes first and then acts; Manager Y does not.
(B) Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis; Manager Y does not
(C) Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem; Manager Y does not.
(D) Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem; Manager X does not.（C）
(E) Manger Y depends on day-to-day tactical maneuvering; manager X does not.
C
24. The passage provides support for which of the following statements?
(A) Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.
(B) Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.
(C) Managers’ intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills
(D) Logical analysis of a problem increases the number of possible solutions.（E）
(E) Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.
E
19.
D is the best answer. The question requires you to recognize which of the choices is NOT
mentioned in the passage as a way in which senior managers use intuition.
The passage does not mention stipulating goals.
20.
D is the best answer. The author asserts that the writers in question “display a poor grasp of what
intuition is” (lines 21-22). The next paragraph presents a view that, according to the author of the
passage, characterizes intuition more accurately than the writers on management do. Isenberg’s
research is specifically described as showing the ways in which managers use intuition (lines
28-30). Therefore, what Isenberg correctly comprehends, and the writers in question
misunderstand, is how managers use intuition, as this choice states.
21.
C is the best answer. An “Aha! Experience” is said in lines 37-41 to result from the synthesizing of
“isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture.” This choice is the best example of
this kind of process. The connecting of seemingly unrelated facts and experiences mentioned in
the answer choice is equivalent to synthesizing “isolated bits of data and practice,” and the pattern
referred to is comparable to an “integrated picture.”
22.
D is the best answer. The question requires you to recognize which of the choices is NOT
mentioned in the passage as a component of the classical model of decision analysis. Only this
choice, “action undertaken in order to discover more information about a problem,” does not
appear in the passage.
23.
C is the best answer. The question requires you to compare behavior based on intuition with
behavior based on formal decision analysis. This choice specifies that the manager who uses
intuition incorporates action into the decision-making process, but the manager who uses formal
analysis does not. This distinction is made in several places in the passage. Lines 6-7 emphasize
that decision-making and action-taking are separate steps in formal decision analysis: “making a
decision, and only then taking action.” On the other hand, those who use intuition “integrate action
into the process of thinking” (lines 15-16).Again, the author mentions that in the intuitive style of
management, “ ‘thinking’ is inseparable from acting” (lines 60-61), and “action is often part of
defining the problem” (lines 80-81).
24.
E is the best answer. The question requires you to identify a statement that can be inferred from
information in the passage but is not explicitly stated. The author asserts that intuitive managers
can “move rapidly to engender a plausible solution” (lines 53-54) and that their intuition is based
on “experience that builds skill” (line 37). This implies that the combination of skill and rapidity
enables mangers to employ their practical experience more efficiently, as this choice states.
Nearly a century ago, biologists found that if they
separated an invertebrate animal embryo into two parts
at an early stage of its life, it would survive and develop
as two normal embryos. This led them to believe that the
(5) cells in the early embryo are undetermined in the sense
that each cell has the potential to develop in a variety of
different ways. Later biologists found that the situation
was not so simple. It matters in which plane the embryo
is cut. If it is cut in a plane different from the one used
(10) by the early investigators, it will not form two whole
embryos.
A debate arose over what exactly was happening.
Which embryo cells are determined, just when do they-
become irreversibly committed to their fates, and what
(15) are the “morphogenetic determinants” that tell a cell
what to become? But the debate could not be resolved
because no one was able to ask the crucial questions
in a form in which they could be pursued productively.
Recent discoveries in molecular biology, however, have
(20) opened up prospects for a resolution of the debate.
Now investigators think they know at least some of the
molecules that act as morphogenetic determinants in
early development. They have been able o show that,
in a sense, cell determination begins even before an egg
(25) is fertilized.
Studying sea urchins, biologist Paul Gross found
that an unfertilized egg contains substances that func-
tion as morphogenetic determinants. They are located
in the cytoplasm of the egg cell; i.e., in that part of the
(30) cell’s protoplasm that lies outside of the nucleus. In the
unfertilized egg, the substances are inactive and are not
distributed homogeneously. When the egg is fertilized,
the substances become active and, presumably, govern
the behavior of the genes they interact with. Since the
(35) substances are unevenly distributed in the egg, when the
fertilized egg divides, the resulting cells are different
from the start and so can be qualitatively different in
their own gene activity.
The substances that Gross studied are maternal
(40) messenger RNA’s --products of certain of the maternal
genes. He and other biologists studying a wide variety
of organisms have found that these particular RNA’s
direct, in large part, the synthesis of histones, a class
of proteins that bind to DNA. Once synthesized, the
(45) histones move into the cell nucleus, where section of
DNA wrap around them to form a structure that resem-
bles beads, or knots, on a string. The beads are DNA
segments wrapped around the histones; the string is the
intervening DNA. And it is the structure of these beaded
(50) DNA strings that guides the fate of the cells in which
they are located.
这些gross所研究的物质是mm rna’s—一些母系基因的产品,
他和其他生物学家广泛研究了不同的有机体发现这些特殊的
Rna’s在很大程度上指导了histones的合成,这些histones是一类
连接dna的蛋白质.
一旦合成,这些histones移动到细胞核里面去,在细胞核里面dna包围
着histones来形成一个类似珠/节/绳子的结构
这个beads是一段dna被histones包围着,string是插入的dna.
是这些结构决定了细胞的命运
morphogenetic determinants实际上就是maternal messenger RNA’s
然后又合成了histones, histones和dna组成了一个结构决定细胞的命运
25. It can be inferred from the passage that the morphogenetic determinants present in the early embryo are
(A) located in the nucleus of the embryo cells
(B) evenly distributed unless the embryo is not developing normally
(C) inactive until the embryo cells become irreversibly committed to their final function
(D) identical to those that were already present in the unfertilized egg（E）
(E) present in larger quantities than is necessary for the development of a single individual
D11E
26. The main topic of the passage is
(A) the early development of embryos of lower marine organisms
(B) the main contribution of modern embryology to molecular biology
(C) the role of molecular biology in disproving older theories of embryonic development
(D) cell determination as an issue in the study of embryonic development（D）
(E) scientific dogma as a factor in the recent debate over the value of molecular biology
CD再没有完全看懂文章的情况作的
27. According to the passage, when biologists believed that the cells in the early embryo were undetermined, they made which of the following mistakes?
(A) They did not attempt to replicate the original experiment of separating an embryo into two parts.
(B) They did not realize that there was a connection between the issue of cell determination and the outcome of the separation experiment.
(C) They assumed that the results of experiments on embryos did not depend on the particular animal species used for such experiments.
(D) They assumed that it was crucial to perform the separation experiment at an early stage in the embryo’s life. （E）
(E) They assumed that different ways of separating an embryo into two parts would be equivalent as far as the fate of the two parts was concerned.
E
28. It can be inferred from the passage that the initial production of histones after an egg is fertilized takes place
(A) in the cytoplasm
(B) in the maternal genes
(C) throughout the protoplasm
(D) in the beaded portions of the DNA strings（A）
(E) in certain sections of the cell nucleus
EA定位再29行
29. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is dependent on the fertilization of an egg?
(A) Copying of maternal genes to produce maternal messenger RNA’s
(B) Sythesis of proteins called histones
(C) Division of a cell into its nucleus and the cytoplasm
(D) Determination of the egg cell’s potential for division（B）
(E) Generation of all of a cell’s morphogenetic determinants
B11
30. According to the passage, the morphogenetic determinants present in the unfertilized egg cell are which of the following?
(A) Proteins bound to the nucleus
(B) Histones
(C) Maternal messenger RNA’s
(D) Cytoplasm（C）
(E) Nonbeaded intervening DNA
C
25.
E is the best answer.
The second and third paragraphs of the passage indicate that morphogenetic determinants are
substances in the embryo that are activated after the egg has been fertilized and that “tell a cell
what to become” (lines 21-23). If, as the author asserts in the first paragraph, biologists have
succeeded in dividing an embryo into two parts, each of which survives and develops into a
normal embryo, it can be concluded that the quantity of morphogenetic determinants in the early
embryo is greater than that required for the development of a single individual.
26.
D is the best answer. In identifying the main topic of the passage, you must consider the passage
as a whole. In the first paragraph, the author provides a historical context for the debate described
in the second paragraph, concerning when and how the determination of embryo cells takes place.
The third and forth paragraphs provide a specific example of the “Recent discoveries in molecular
biology” (lines 28-29) that may lead to the resolution of that debate.
27.
E is the best answer.
According to the author, early investigators arrived at the conclusion that the cells of the embryo
are undetermined because they “found that if they separated an invertebrate animal embryo into
two parts at an early stage of its life, it would survive and develop as two normal embryos” (lines
1-6). However, later biologists discovered that when an embryo was cut in places different from
the one used by the early investigators, it did not form two whole embryos. Because the earlier
biologists apparently arrived at their conclusion without attempting to cut an embryo in different
planes, it would appear that they assumed, erroneously, that different ways of separating the
embryos would not affect the fate of the two embryo parts.
28.
A is the best answer. In the third paragraph, the author asserts that substances that function as
morphogenetic determinants are located in the cytoplasm of the cell and become active after the
cell is fertilized. In the fourth paragraph we learn that these substances are “maternal messenger
RNA’s” and that they “direct, in large part, the synthesis of histones,” which, after being
synthesized, “move into the cell nucleus” (lines 59-68). Thus, it can be inferred that after the egg
is fertilized, the initial production of histones occurs in the cytoplasm.
29.
B is the best answer. Lines 45-51 indicate that substances that function as morphogenetic
determinants are inactive in the unfertilized egg and that when the egg is fertilized, they “become
active and, presumably, govern the behavior of the genes they interact with.” In the fourth
paragraph, we learn that these substances exert their control over the fate of the cell by directing
“the synthesis of histones.” Because these histones cannot be synthesized until the substances that
function as morphogenetic determinants become active, and because these substances do not
become active until the egg is fertilized, it can be inferred that the synthesis of the histones is
dependent on the fertilization of the egg.
30.
C is the best answer. Lines 38-41 in from us that in his study of sea urchins, Gross “found that an
unfertilized egg contains substances that function as morphogetic determinants.” Lines 58-60
assert that the “substances that Gross studied are maternal messenger RNA’s,” and in lines 62-63
we learn that these maternal messenger RNA’s can be found in “ a wide variety of organisms.”
In the two decades between 1910 and 1930, over
ten percent to the Black population of the United States
left the South, where the preponderance of the Black
population had been located, and migrated to northern
(5) states, with the largest number moving, it is claimed,
between 1916 and 1918. It has been frequently assumed,
but not proved, that the majority of the migrants in
what has come to be called the Great Migration came
from rural areas and were motivated by two concurrent
(10) factors: the collapse of the cotton industry following
the boll weevil infestation, which began in 1898, and
increased demand in the North for labor following
the cessation of European immigration caused by the
outbreak of the First World War in 1914. This assump-
(15) tion has led to the conclusion that the migrants’ subse-
quent lack of economic mobility in the North is tied to
rural background, a background that implies unfamil-
iarity with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.
But the question of who actually left the South has
(20) never been rigorously investigated. Although numerous
investigations document an exodus from rural southern
areas to southern cities prior to the Great Migration.
no one has considered whether the same migrants then
moved on to northern cities. In 1910 over 600,000
(25) Black workers, or ten percent of the Black work force,
reported themselves to be engaged in “manufacturing
and mechanical pursuits,” the federal census category
roughly encompassing the entire industrial sector. The
Great Migration could easily have been made up entirely
(30) of this group and their families. It is perhaps surprising
to argue that an employed population could be enticed
to move, but an explanation lies in the labor conditions
then prevalent in the South.
About thirty-five percent of the urban Black popu-
(35) lation in the South was engaged in skilled trades. Some
were from the old artisan class of slavery-blacksmiths.
masons, carpenters-which had had a monopoly of
certain trades, but they were gradually being pushed
out by competition, mechanization, and obsolescence,
(40) The remaining sixty-five percent, more recently urban-
ized, worked in newly developed industries---tobacco.
lumber, coal and iron manufacture, and railroads.
Wages in the South, however, were low, and Black
workers were aware, through labor recruiters and the
(45)Black press, that they could earn more even as unskilled
workers in the North than they could as artisans in the
South. After the boll weevil infestation, urban Black
workers faced competition from the continuing influx
of both Black and White rural workers, who were driven
(50) to undercut the wages formerly paid for industrial jobs.
Thus, a move north would be seen as advantageous
to a group that was already urbanized and steadily
employed, and the easy conclusion tying their subse-
quent economic problems in the North to their rural
background comes into question.
31. The author indicates explicitly that which of the following records has been a source of information in her
investigation?
(A) United States Immigration Service reports from 1914 to 1930
(B) Payrolls of southern manufacturing firms between 1910 and 1930
(C) The volume of cotton exports between 1898 and 1910
(D) The federal census of 1910（D）
(E) Advertisements of labor recruiters appearing in southern newspapers after 1910
D
32. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following as a possible objection to her argument?
(A) It is uncertain how many people actually migrated during the Great Migration.
(B) The eventual economic status of the Great Migration migrants has not been adequately traced.
(C) It is not likely that people with steady jobs would have reason to move to another area of the country.
(D) It is not true that the term “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” actually encompasses the entire industrial sector. （C）
(E) Of the Black workers living in southern cities, only those in a small number of trades were threatened by obsolescence.
C 30行
33. According to the passage, which of the following is true of wages in southern cities in 1910?
(A) They were being pushed lower as a result of increased competition.
(B) They had begun t to rise so that southern industry could attract rural workers.
(C) They had increased for skilled workers but decreased for unskilled workers.
(D) They had increased in large southern cities but decreased in small southern cities. （A）
(E) They had increased in newly developed industries but decreased in the older trades.
A
34. The author cites each of the following as possible influences in a Black worker’s decision to migrate north in the Great Migration EXCEPT
(A) wage levels in northern cities
(B) labor recruiters
(C) competition from rural workers
(D) voting rights in northern states（D）
(E) the Black press
D
35. It can be inferred from the passage that the “easy conclusion” mentioned in line 53 is based on which of the following assumptions?
(A) People who migrate from rural areas to large cities usually do so for economic reasons.
(B) Most people who leave rural areas to take jobs in cities return to rural areas as soon as it is financially possible for them to do so.
(C) People with rural backgrounds are less likely to succeed economically in cities than are those with urban backgrounds.
(D) Most people who were once skilled workers are not willing to work as unskilled workers. （C）
(E) People who migrate from their birthplaces to other regions of country seldom undertake a second migration.
C
36. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) support an alternative to an accepted methodology
(B) present evidence that resolves a contradiction
(C) introduce a recently discovered source of information
(D) challenge a widely accepted explanation（D）
(E) argue that a discarded theory deserves new attention
D
31.
D is the best answer.
In lines 35-41, the author states that ten percent of the Black workers in the South were employed
in “manufacturing and mechanical pursuits” and then identifies “manufacturing and mechanical
pursuits” as the general federal census category for industrial occupations in 1910. Thus, she
indicates that she used the federal census as a source of information.
32.
C is the best answer. To answer this question, you must first identify the author’s argument. The
author argues that it is possible that Black migrants to the North were living and working in urban
areas of the South rather in rural areas, as researchers had previously assumed. In lines 44-48, the
author states that it may be “surprising” that an employed population would relocate. Thus, the
author anticipates an objection to her argument on the grounds that Black urban workers in the
South would have been unlikely to leave an economically secure existence. She meets that
objection by stating that “an explanation lies in the labor conditions then prevalent in the South”
(lines 46-48), and discusses the low wages that may have motivated Black workers to migrate
north for higher pay.
33.
A is the best answer. The author discusses wages in southern cities in the third paragraph. Lines
68-73 state that an increase in the number of rural workers who migrated to southern cities after
the collapse of the cotton industry led to increased competition for jobs and resulted in wages
being pushed lower.
34.
D is the best answer. This question asks you to identify the possible influences that motivated
Black workers in their decision to migrate north, and then to recognize which of the choices is
NOT mentioned as an influence on Black workers.
This is the only option not mentioned in the passage as an influence that may have motivated
southern Black workers to move north.
35.
C is the best answer. To answer this question, you must first identify the “easy conclusion”
mentioned in lines 77-79, which ties Black migrants’ “subsequent economic problems in the North
to their rural background.” This linkage of rural background to economic difficulty after migration
to the North is first mentioned in lines 20-26. Here, the author points out that researchers have
assumed that Black migrants encountered economic difficulties in northern cities because they
were from rural rather than urban backgrounds, and that rural backgrounds imply “unfamiliarity
with urban living and a lack of industrial skills.” This choice provides an assumption about the
relationship between rural backgrounds and economic difficulty that underlies this conclusion. It
states that people with rural backgrounds are more likely to have economic difficulty in urban
areas than are people with urban backgrounds.
36.
D is the best answer. The first paragraph describes a common assumption about the Great
Migration, that the majority of migrants came from rural areas. It also restates the conclusion that
is based on this assumption, that the subsequent economic difficulties of Black migrants in the
North were a result of their unfamiliarity with urban life. In the second paragraph, the author states
that the “question of who actually left the South” (lines 27-28) has never been adequately
researched. She goes on to argue that Black migrants may actually have been from urban areas
rather than rural areas, and thus that their subsequent economic problems in northern cities were
not caused by their rural background. In making this argument, the author is challenging the
“widely accepted explanation” presented in the first paragraph.
In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the
accidental death of their two year old was told that since
the child had made no real economic contribution to the
family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast,
(5) less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three
year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages
and won an award of 0,000.
The transformation in social values implicit in juxta-
posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana
(10) Zelizer’s excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child.
During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept
of the “useful” child who contributed to the family
economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion
of the “useless” child who, though producing no income
(15) for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet
considered emotionally “priceless.” Well established
among segments of the middle and upper classes by the
mid-1800’s, this new view of childhood spread through-
out society in the iate-nineteenth and early-twentieth
(20) centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations
and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the
assumption that a child’s emotional value made child
labor taboo.
For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were
(25) many and complex. The gradual erosion of children’s
productive value in a maturing industrial economy,
the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child
mortality, and the development of the companionate
family (a family in which members were united by
(30) explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors
critical in changing the assessment of children’s worth.
Yet “expulsion of children from the ‘cash nexus,’...
although clearly shaped by profound changes in the
economic, occupational, and family structures,” Zelizer
(35) maintains. “was also part of a cultural process ‘of sacral-
ization’ of children’s lives. ” Protecting children from the
crass business world became enormously important for
late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she
suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what
(40) they perceived as the relentless corruption of human
values by the marketplace.
In stressing the cultural determinants of a child’s
worth. Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new
“sociological economics,” who have analyzed such tradi-
(45) tionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, educa-
tion, and health solely in terms of their economic deter-
minants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces
in the form of individual “preferences,” these sociologists
tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by
(50) the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is
highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead
the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to
transform price. As children became more valuable in
emotional terms, she argues, their “exchange” or “ sur-
(55) render” value on the market, that is, the conversion of
their intangible worth into cash terms, became much
greater.
37. It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in America during the nineteenth
century tended to be based principally on the
(A) earnings of the person at time of death
(B) wealth of the party causing the death
(C) degree of culpability of the party causing the death
(D) amount of money that had been spent on the person killed（A）
(E) amount of suffering endured by the family of the person killed
A
38. It can be inferred from the passage that in the early 1800’s children were generally regarded by their families as individuals who
(A) needed enormous amounts of security and affection
(B) required constant supervision while working
(C) were important to the economic well-being of a family
(D) were unsuited to spending long hours in school（C）
(E) were financial burdens assumed for the good of society
C如何定位?
39. Which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?
(A) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because parents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.
(B) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earnings over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.
(C) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of humanitarian ideals resulted in a wholesale reappraisal of the worth of an individual
(D) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply, and thus raised the costs, of available child labor. （B）
(E) The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because of changes in the way negligence law assessed damages in accidental-death cases.
AB粗心,看到a选成了b
40. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) review the literature in a new academic subfield
(B) present the central thesis of a recent book
(C) contrast two approaches to analyzing historical change
(D) refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon（B）
(E) encourage further work on a neglected historical topic
B
41. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following statements was true of American families over the course of the nineteenth century?
(A) The average size of families grew considerably
(B) The percentage of families involved in industrial work declined dramatically.
(C) Family members became more emotionally bonded to one another.
(D) Family members spent an increasing amount of time working with each other. （C）
(E) Family members became more economically dependent on each other.
C
42. Zelizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children’s worth EXCEPT changes in
(A) the mortality rate
(B) the nature of industry
(C) the nature of the family
(D) attitudes toward reform movements（D）
(E) attitudes toward the marketplace
D
37.
A is the best answer. In the first paragraph, the author cites an accidental-death case from
nineteenth-century America in which the absence of economic contribution on the part of a
deceased child was ruled sufficient grounds to deny the awarding of damages to the child’s parents.
The author goes on to discuss how this case typified attitudes that persisted even into the twentieth
century. It can be inferred from this that in nineteenth-century America the chief consideration in
determining damages in an accidental-death case was the deceased person’s earnings.
There are no evidence in the passage to suggest that the factors in B, C, D and E were of primary
concern in determining accidental-death damages in nineteenth-century America.
38.
C is the best answer.
In the second paragraph, the author describes how during the nineteenth century the concept of the
“ ‘useful’ child who contributed to the family economy” (lines 23-24) gradually gave way to the
present-day notion of the economically “useless” but emotionally “priceless” child. This new view
of childhood was “well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the
mid-1800’s” and “spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries”
(lines 31-38). Thus in the early 1800’s, prior to the shift in the valuation of children, families
valued the role children had to play in the family’s economic well-being.
A and E describe attitude more in accord with the present-day view of childhood. B and D address
issues that are not raised in the passage.
39.
B is the best answer.
According to the author, practitioners of the new “sociological economics” explain sociological
phenomena “solely in terms of their economic determinants” and “tend to view all human
behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain’ (lines 85-98). This
choice provides just such an economic explanation for the nineteenth-century rise in the cash
value of children.
A paraphrases Zelizer’s own explanation, which is at odds with that of the sociological economists.
C uses social values and emotional factors to explain an even broader revaluation of individual
worth. D uses an economic argument to explain the change, but here the economic factors at work
are the result of a change. E provides a legal explanation for the change.
40.
B is the best answer.
In the first paragraph, the author contrasts two incidents that are said to exemplify the
transformation in social values that forms the subject of Zelizer’s book.
The second and third paragraphs consist of a brief history of that transformation, as Zelizer
presents it, and an account of the factors she considers important in bringing it about. In the last
paragraph, the author explains how Zelizer’s thesis differs from that of sociological economists.
Thus, the passage serves primarily to present the central thesis of Zelizer’s book.
A and E misrepresent the subject matter of the passage. D mispresents the author’s approach. C is
incorrect because although the passage does contrast two approaches, this contrast takes place
only in the final paragraph.
41.
C is the best answer.
In the third paragraph, the author cites Zelizer’s contention that the new view of childhood that
developed in nineteenth-century America was due in part to “the development of the
companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather
than duty)”(lines 54-58). From this it can be inferred that the emotional bonds between family
members became increasingly important during this period.
There are no information in the passage to support the other answer choices.
42.
D is the best answer.
Although reform movements are mentioned in lines 39-45, the passage does not discuss attitudes
or changes in attitudes toward those movements. This choice is therefore NOT among the
influences Zelizer is said to regard as important in changing the assessment of children’s worth.
A, B and C are mentioned in lines 48-58 as factors Zelizer regards as “critical in changing the
assessment of children’s worth”. E is mentioned in lines 70-80, which describe how the
“sacralization” of children’s lives represented “a way of resisting what they <middle-class
Americans> perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.”
