Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector
clerical workers, most of whom are women, were some-
what limited. The factors favoring unionization drives
seem to have been either the presence of large numbers
(5) of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the
effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or
two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively
easy, Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part
was also a consideration, but when there were large
(10) numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only
unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multioccupa-
tional unions would often try to organize them regard-
less of the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic
reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politi-
(15) cians and administrators might play off unionized
against nonunionized workers, and, second, on the
conviction that a fully unionized public work force
meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the
legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few
(20) in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and
expressed no interest in being organized, unions more
often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.
But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has
emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical
(25) workers were represented by a labor organization,
compared with 46 percent of government professionals,
44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and
41 percent of government service workers, Since then,
however, the biggest increases in public-sector unioniza-
(30) tion have been among clerical workers. Between 1977
and 1980, the number of unionized government workers
in blue-collar and service occupations increased only
about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations
the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers
(35) in particular, the increase was 22 percent.
What accounts for this upsurge in unionization
among clerical workers? First, more women have entered
the work force in the past few years, and more of them
plan to remain working until retirement age. Conse-
(40) quently, they are probably more concerned than their
predecessors were about job security and economic bene-
fits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legit-
imizing the economic and political activism of women on
their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive atti-
(45) tude toward unions. The absence of any comparable
increase in unionization among private-sector clerical
workers, however, identifies the primary catalyst-the
structural change in the multioccupational public-sector
unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occu-
(50) pational distribution in these unions has been steadily
shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predomi-
nantly white-collar. Because there are far more women
in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of
female members has accompanied the occupational shift
(55) and has altered union policy-making in favor of orga-
nizing women and addressing women’s issues.
结构:现象解释型
前两段是对比的现象
后面来解释
第一段 1975年前 少
第二段 1975年后 多
第三段
女工增多,干到退休
女性运动
多行业工会的结构变化
43. According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977 were
(A) professionals
(B) managers
(C) clerical workers
(D) service workers（A）
(E) blue-collar workers
A
44. The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 13-19) in order to account for why
(A) politicians might try to oppose public-sector union organizing
(B) public-sector unions have recently focused on organizing women
(C) early organizing efforts often focused on areas where there were large numbers of workers
(D) union efforts with regard to public-sector clerical workers increased dramatically after 1975（E）
(E) unions sometimes tried to organize workers regardless of the workers’ initial interest in unionization
E
45. The author’s claim that, since the mid-1970’s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 23 ) would be strengthened if the author
(A) described more fully the attitudes of clerical workers toward labor unions
(B) compared the organizing strategies employed by private-sector unions with those of public-sector unions
(C) explained why politicians and administrators sometimes oppose unionization of clerical workers
(D) indicated that the number of unionized public-sector clerical workers was increasing even before the mid-1970’s（E）
(E) showed that the factors that favored unionization drives among these workers prior to 1975 have decreased in importance
E
46. According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT
(A) the number of clerical workers in that group
(B) the number of women among the clerical workers in that group
(C) whether the clerical workers in that area were concentrated in one workplace or scattered over several workplaces
(D) the degree to which the clerical workers in that group were interested in unionization（B）
(E) whether all the other workers in the same jurisdiction as that group of clerical workers were unionized
B
47. The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’s movement of recent years?
(A) An increase in the number of women entering the work force
(B) A structural change in multioccupational public-sector unions
(C) A more positive attitude on the part of women toward unions
(D) An increase in the proportion of clerical workers that are women（C）
(E) An increase in the number of women in administrative positions
C
48. The main concern of the passage is to
(A) advocate particular strategies for future efforts to organize certain workers into labor unions
(B) explain differences in the unionized proportions of various groups of public-sector workers
(C) evaluate the effectiveness of certain kinds of labor unions that represent public-sector workers
(D) analyzed and explain an increase in unionization among a certain category of workers（D）
(E) describe and distinguish strategies appropriate to organizing different categories of workers
ED
43.
A is the best answer. In the second paragraph, the author gives the percentages of workers who
were unionized in different categories of the public sector in 1977.
Forty-six percent of government professionals were unionized; this is greater than the percentage
for any of the other categories of unionized workers from among the listed categories of
public-sector workers. Therefore, professionals were more likely to belong to unions than were
other public-sector workers.
44.
E is the best answer. In lines 17-24, the author describes the reasoning behind the
multioccupational unions’ attempt to achieve a fully unionized workplace. This reasoning is
provided to explain why “the multioccupational unions would often try to organize them <clerical
workers> regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity”(lines 15-17).
A helps to explain, but is not explained by, the attempt to achieve a fully unionized work force. An
explanation for C is given in lines 4-7. B and D are explained in the second and third paragraphs
of the passage.
45.
E is the best answer.
The question asks what would strengthen the author’s claim that a new strategy for unionization
has emerged since the mid-1970’s. Lines 30-31 cite the appearance of the new strategy. The
paragraphs that follow describe the changed circumstances that provided a context for such new
strategies. Lines 70-76 explain precisely how these changed circumstances created a reason for
new unionizing strategies. The author’s claim would be strengthened if it could be shown not only
that there are such new circumstances, but that the old circumstances discussed in the first
paragraph have become less important, further necessitating the adoption of a new strategy in
place of an old strategy suitable to those older circumstances.
46.
B is the best answer.
In the first paragraph, the author describes the considerations relevant to a union’s attempt to
organize a certain group of clerical workers prior to 1975.
In lines 2-3, the author notes the fact that most of these clerical workers were women, but does not
suggest that this was an important consideration for unionizers.
47.
C is the best answer.
According to the author, “the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and
political activism of women on their own behalf,” and this in turn has produced in women “a more
positive attitude toward unions”(lines 56-60).
Although other choices describe developments mentioned in the passage, none of these are said to
have been a consequence of the women’s movement.
48.
D is the best answer.
In the first paragraph of the passage, the author asserts that efforts to unionize public-sector
clerical workers prior to 1975 were limited and then goes on to describe these limited efforts. In
the second paragraph, the author asserts that a new strategy developed after 1975 and cites an
increase in union membership among public-sector clerical workers. The author begins the last
paragraph by asking what can explain this increase in union membership, and then proceeds to
provide an explanation. Thus, the passage is primarily concerned with analyzing and explaining
the increase in unionization among public-sector clerical workers.
Milankovitch proposed in the early twentieth century
that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s
orbit around the Sun. For sometime this theory was
considered untestable, largely because there was no suffi-
(5) ciently precise chronology of the ice ages with which
the orbital variations could be matched.
To establish such a chronology it is necessary to
determine the relative amounts of land ice that existed
at various times in the Earth’s past. A recent discovery
(10) makes such a determination possible: relative land-ice
volume for a given period can be deduced from the ratio
of two oxygen isotopes, 16 and 18, found in ocean sedi-
ments. Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16, but
a few molecules out of every thousand incorporate the
(15) heavier isotope 18. When an ice age begins, the conti-
nental ice sheets grow, steadily reducing the amount of
water evaporated from the ocean that will eventually
return to it. Because heavier isotopes tend to be left
behid when water evaporates from the ocean surfaces,
(20) the remaining ocean water becomes progressively
enriched in oxygen 18. The degree of enrichment can
be determined by analyzing ocean sediments of the
period, because these sediments are composed of calcium
carbonate shells of marine organisms, shells that were
(25) constructed with oxygen atoms drawn from the sur-
rounding ocean. The higher the ratio of oxygen 18 to
oxygen 16 in a sedimentary specimen, the more land ice
there was when the sediment was laid down.
As an indicator of shifts in the Earth’s climate, the
(30) isotope record has two advantages. First, it is a global
record: there is remarkably little variation in isotope
ratios in sedimentary specimens taken from different
continental locations. Second, it is a more continuous
record than that taken from rocks on land. Because of
(35) these advantages, sedimentary evidence can be dated
with sufficient accuracy by radiometric methods to
establish a precise chronology of the ice ages. The dated
isotope record shows that the fluctuations in global
ice volume over the past several hundred thousand years
(40) have a pattern: an ice age occurs roughly once every
100,000 years. These data have established a strong
connection between variations in the Earth’s orbit and
the periodicity of the ice ages.
However, it is important to note that other factors,
(45) such as volcanic particulates or variations in the amount
of sunlight received by the Earth, could potentially have
affected the climate. The advantage of the Milankovitch
theory is that it is testable: changes in the Earth’s orbit
can be calculated and dated by applying Newton’s laws
(50) of gravity to progressively earlier configurations of the
bodies in the solar system. Yet the lack of information
about other possible factors affecting global climate does
not make them unimportant.
49. In the passage, the author is primarily interested in
(A) suggesting an alternative to an outdated research method
(B) introducing a new research method that calls an accepted theory into question
(C) emphasizing the instability of data gathered from the application of a new scientific method
(D) presenting a theory and describing a new method to test that theory（D）
(E) initiating a debate about a widely accepted theory
D
50. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which of the following statements about the Milankovitch theory?
(A) It is the only possible explanation for the ice ages.
(B) It is too limited to provide a plausible explanation for the ice ages, despite recent research findings.
(C) It cannot be tested and confirmed until further research on volcanic activity is done.
(D) It is one plausible explanation, though not the only one, for the ice ages. （D）
(E) It is not a plausible explanation for the ice ages, although it has opened up promising possibilities for future research.
D
51. It can be inferred from the passage that the isotope record taken from ocean sediments would be less useful to researchers if which of the following were true?
(A) It indicated that lighter isotopes of oxygen predominated at certain times.
(B) It had far more gaps in its sequence than the record taken from rocks on land.
(C) It indicated that climate shifts did not occur every 100,000 years.
(D) It indicated that the ratios of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 in ocean water were not consistent with those found in fresh water. （B）
(E) It stretched back for only a million years.
B
52. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the ratios of oxygen isotopes in ocean sediments?
(A) They indicate that sediments found during an ice age contain more calcium carbonate than sediments formed at other times.
(B) They are less reliable than the evidence from rocks on land in determining the volume of land ice.
(C) They can be used to deduce the relative volume of land ice that was present when the sediment was laid down.
(D) They are more unpredictable during an ice age than in other climatic conditions. （C）
(E) They can be used to determine atmospheric conditions at various times in the past.
C
53. It can be inferred from the passage that precipitation formed from evaporated ocean water has
(A) the same isotopic ratio as ocean water
(B) less oxygen 18 than does ocean water
(C) less oxygen 18 than has the ice contained in continental ice sheets
(D) a different isotopic composition than has precipitation formed from water on land（B）
(E) more oxygen 16 than has precipitation formed from fresh water
B
54. It can be inferred from the passage that calcium carbonate shells
(A) are not as susceptible to deterioration as rocks
(B) are less common in sediments formed during an ice age
(C) are found only in areas that were once covered by land ice
(D) contain radioactive material that can be used to determine a sediment’s isotopic composition
(E) reflect the isotopic composition of the water at the time the shells were formed
E
（E）
49
D is the best answer.
In the first paragraph, the author describes Milankovitch”s theory and explains why the theory
previously had been considered untestable. In the second and third paragraphs, the author
describes a scientific break-through that has made it possible to test and provide support for
Milankovitch’s theory. Although the author also mentions other factors that potentially could have
affected the Earth’s climate, the passage as a whole is concerned primarily with Milankovitch’s
theory and the scientific method that has been used to test that theory.
A, C and E do not accurately reflect the content of the passage. Although the passage does
describe a new research method supports rather than casts doubt on Milankovitch’s theory.
50.
D is the best answer.
In lines 9-16, the author states that a recent discovery has made it possible to establish a precise
chronology of the Earth’s ice ages. Scientists have used this discovery to test the basic premise of
Milankovitch’s theory—that the ice ages were caused by variations in the Earth’s orbit around the
Sun. The author notes in lines 53-56 that the data have established a “strong connection” between
orbital variation and ice ages, which confirms the plausibility of Milankovitch’s theory. However,
one can infer from the last paragraph that the author believes factors other than variations in the
Earth’s orbit could provide plausible explanations for global climate change.
51.
B is the best answer.
The author states that one advantage of obtaining an isotopic record from ocean sediment is that
the ocean’s isotopic record is “a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land”(lines
43-45). Because a continuous record can indicate more precisely when shifts in the Earth’s climate
have occurred, the ocean’s isotopic record would be less useful if it had more gaps in it than the
record taken from rocks.
A describes a circumstance that is in fact true, since oxygen 16 is the lighter isotope and,
according to the passage, “Almost all the oxygen in water is oxygen 16”(line 17). This fact clearly
has not compromised the usefulness of the ocean’s isotopic record as an indicator of climatic shifts.
Likewise, E would not diminish its usefulness, since isotopic records showing “fluctuations in
global ice volume over the past several hundred thousands years” have been sufficient to
determine a meaningful pattern (lines 49-53). If C were shown to be true, Milankovitch’s theory
would be weakened, but this would not diminish the value of the isotopic record. If D were true,
researchers would need to accommodate the inconsistency described in evaluating the isotopic
record, but, again, this would not compromise the usefulness of the record itself.
52.
C is the best answer.
Lines 13-16 state that the relative volume of land ice can be deduced from the ratio of oxygen 18
to oxygen 16 in ocean sediments.
A, D and E are incorrect because there is no information in the passage to support these statements.
B is incorrect because it contradicts lines 43-45, in which the author states that ocean sediment
provides “a more continuous record than that taken from rocks on land.”
53.
B is the best answer.
Lines 23-27 state that when water evaporates from the ocean surface, oxygen 18, a heavier isotope
than oxygen 16, tends to be left behind in the remaining ocean water.
Thus, one can infer that evaporated ocean water would contain less oxygen 18 than would the
remaining ocean water.
A is incorrect because it contracts information stated in lines 19-27. C is incorrect because the
passage suggests that the water evaporated from the ocean contributes to the growth of continental
ice sheets, which should therefore have an isotopic composition similar to that of the precipitation
formed from evaporated ocean water. D and E describe information that cannot be inferred from
the passage.
54.
E is the best answer.
Lines 29-33 of the passage state that the calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms are
constructed with “oxygen atoms drawn from the surrounding ocean.”
This water contains varying proportions of oxygen 16 and oxygen 18 and, according to the
passage, “becomes progressively enriched in oxygen 18”with the onset of an ice age (lines 19-27).
The author states that “The degree of enrichment can be determined by analyzing ocean
sediments…composed of calcium carbonate shells of marine organisms (lines 27-31)”. Thus, it
can be inferred that the shells of marine organisms would reflect the isotopic composition of the
surrounding ocean water at the time when the shells were formed.
Many United States companies have, unfortunately,
made the search for legal protection from import
competition into a major line of work. Since 1980 the
United States International Trade Commission (ITC)
(5) has received about 280 complaints alleging damage
from imports that benefit from subsidies by foreign
governments. Another 340 charge that foreign compa-
nies “dumped” their products in the United States at
“less than fair value.” Even when no unfair practices
(10) are alleged, the simple claim that an industry has been
injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.
Contrary to the general impression, this quest for
import relief has hurt more companies than it has
helped. As corporations begin to function globally, they
(15) develop an intricate web of marketing, production, and
research relationships, The complexity of these relation-
ships makes it unlikely that a system of import relief
laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under
the same parent company.
(20) Internationalization increases the danger that foreign
companies will use import relief laws against the very
companies the laws were designed to protect. Suppose a
United States-owned company establishes an overseas
plant to manufacture a product while its competitor
(25) makes the same product in the United States. If the
competitor can prove injury from the imports---and
that the United States company received a subsidy from
a foreign government to build its plant abroad—the
United States company’s products will be uncompeti-
(30) tive in the United States, since they would be subject to
duties.
Perhaps the most brazen case occurred when the ITC
investigated allegations that Canadian companies were
injuring the United States salt industry by dumping
(35) rock salt, used to de-ice roads. The bizarre aspect of the
complaint was that a foreign conglomerate with United
States operations was crying for help against a United
States company with foreign operations. The “United
States” company claiming injury was a subsidiary of a
(40) Dutch conglomerate, while the “Canadian” companies
included a subsidiary of a Chicago firm that was the
second-largest domestic producer of rock salt.
55. The passage is chiefly concerned with
(A) arguing against the increased internationalization of United States corporations
(B) warning that the application of laws affecting trade frequently has unintended consequences
(C) demonstrating that foreign-based firms receive more subsidies from their governments than United States firms
(D) receive from the United States government（B）
(E) advocating the use of trade restrictions for “dumped” products but not for other imports
(F) recommending a uniform method for handling claims of unfair trade practices
B
56. It can be inferred from the passage that the minimal basis for a complaint to the International Trade Commission is which of the following?
(A) A foreign competitor has received a subsidy from a foreign government.
(B) A foreign competitor has substantially increased the volume of products shipped to the United States.
(C) A foreign competitor is selling products in the United States at less than fair market value.
(D) The company requesting import relief has been injured by the sale of imports in the United States. （D）
(E) The company requesting import relief has been barred from exporting products to the country of its foreign competitor.
A1D
ac在3-9行谈到,但是minimal basis是在10行
57. The last paragraph performs which of the following functions in the passage?
(A) It summarizes the discussion thus far and suggests additional areas of research.
(B) It presents a recommendation based on the evidence presented earlier.
(C) It discusses an exceptional case in which the results expected by the author of the passage were not obtained.
(D) It introduces an additional area of concern not mentioned earlier. （E）
(E) It cites a specific case that illustrates a problem presented more generally in the previous paragraph.
E
58. The passage warns of which of the following dangers?
(A) Companies in the United States may receive no protection from imports unless they actively seek protection from import competition.
(B) Companies that seek legal protection from import competition may incur legal costs that far exceed any possible gain.
(C) Companies that are United States-owned but operate internationally may not be eligible for protection from import competition under the laws of the countries in which their plants operate.
(D) Companies that are not United States-owned may seek legal protection from import competition under United States import relief laws. （D）
(E) Companies in the United States that import raw materials may have to pay duties on those materials.
CD定位在20-22行
59. The passage suggests that which of the following is most likely to be true of United States trade laws?
(A) They will eliminate the practice of “dumping” products in the United States.
(B) They will enable manufacturers in the United States to compete more profitably outside the United States.
(C) They will affect United States trade with Canada more negatively than trade with other nations.
(D) Those that help one unit within a parent company will not necessarily help other units in the company. （D）
(E) Those that are applied to international companies will accomplish their intended result.
BD定位在18行
60. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes which of the following about the complaint mentioned in the last paragraph?
(A) The ITC acted unfairly toward the complainant in its investigation.
(B) The complaint violated the intent of import relief laws.
(C) The response of the ITC to the complaint provided suitable relief from unfair trade practices to the complainant.
(D) The ITC did not have access to appropriate information concerning the case. （B）
(E) Each of the companies involved in the complaint acted in its own best interest.
B1
55.
The best answer is B. In the first sentence of the passage, the author characterizes the
preoccupation of many United States companies with the search for legal protection from import
competition as unfortunate. Then, in lines 12-14, the author explains that the “quest for import
relief has hurt more companies than it has helped.” The third paragraph discusses one situation in
which United States companies might experience such injury-when import relief laws are used
against foreign subsidiaries of United States company-and the last paragraph provides a specific
example of this situation. Thus, it can be inferred that the author’s primary concern is to warn
about possible unintended negative consequences of applying trade laws.
56.
The best answer is D. Bases for complaints to the International Trade Commission are discussed in
the first paragraph. In lines 3-9 the author mentions the two specific kinds of complaints referred
to in choices A and C (about imports benefiting from subsidies provided by foreign governments
and about “dumping”), but goes on to conclude the paragraph with the comment that “the simple
clam that an industry has been injured by imports is sufficient grounds to seek relief.” That a
“simple claim” is “sufficient grounds to seek relief” suggests that the minimal basis for a
complaint to the ITC is injury from the sale of imports in the United States, as stated in choice D.
The situations in choices B and E are not discussed in the passage.
57.
The best answer is E. The last paragraph discusses a specific case in which a United States
subsidiary of a Dutch conglomerate accused a Canadian branch of a United States company of
“dumping” rock salt in the United States market. This incident is cited as “the most brazen case”
(line 32) of the problem stated in lines 20-22 of the previous paragraph: the use of import relief
laws by foreign companies against of U.S. companies. No recommendations, discussion of
unexpected results, or additional areas of research or concern are mentioned in the paragraph.
Thus, choices A, B, C and D are not correct.
58.
The best answer is D. The “danger” of import relief laws is stated in lines 20-22: “that foreign
companies will use import relief laws against the very companies the laws were designed to
protect.” Import relief laws are the legal protection referred to in choice D. The passage does not
mention the situations described in choice A, B, C, and E.
59.
The best answer is D. In lines 16-19 the author warns that it is “unlikely that a system of import
relief laws will meet the strategic needs of all the units under the same parent company.” Thus, it
can be inferred that the United States trade laws dealing with import relief will not necessarily
help all units of a company, as stated in choice D. There is no indication in the passage that United
States trade laws are expected to eliminate dumping, as is stated in choice A. Choice E is no
discussion in the passage of the situations mentioned in choice B and C.
60.
The best answer is B. In lines 35-38 the author states that “The bizarre aspect of the complaint was
that a foreign conglomerate…was crying for help against a United States company…” It can be
inferred from lines 20-22 that import relief laws were designed to protect United States companies
from foreign competition. Thus, the lodging of a complaint by a foreign conglomerate against a
United States company violated the intent of the laws.
At the end of the nineteenth century, a rising interest
in Native American customs and an increasing desire to
understand Native American culture prompted ethnolo-
gists to begin recording the life stories of Native Amer-
(5) ican. Ethnologists had a distinct reason for wanting to
hear the stories: they were after linguistic or anthropo-
logical data that would supplement their own field
observations, and they believed that the personal
stories, even of a single individual, could increase their
(10) understanding of the cultures that they had been
observing from without. In addition many ethnologists
at the turn of the century believed that Native Amer-
ican manners and customs were rapidly disappearing,
and that it was important to preserve for posterity as
(15) much information as could be adequately recorded
before the cultures disappeared forever.
There were, however, arguments against this method
as a way of acquiring accurate and complete informa-
tion. Franz Boas, for example, described autobiogra-
(20) phies as being “of limited value, and useful chiefly for
the study of the perversion of truth by memory,” while
Paul Radin contended that investigators rarely spent
enough time with the tribes they were observing, and
inevitably derived results too tinged by the investi-
(25) gator’s own emotional tone to be reliable.
Even more importantly, as these life stories moved
from the traditional oral mode to recorded written
form, much was inevitably lost. Editors often decided
what elements were significant to the field research on a
(30) given tribe. Native Americans recognized that the
essence of their lives could not be communicated in
English and that events that they thought significant
were often deemed unimportant by their interviewers.
Indeed, the very act of telling their stories could force
(35) Native American narrators to distort their cultures, as
taboos had to be broken to speak the names of dead
relatives crucial to their family stories.
Despite all of this, autobiography remains a useful
tool for ethnological research: such personal reminis-
(40) cences and impressions, incomplete as they may be, are
likely to throw more light on the working of the mind
and emotions than any amount of speculation from an
ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another
culture.
61. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) The historical backgrounds of two currently used research methods are chronicled.
(B) The validity of the data collected by using two different research methods is compared.
(C) The usefulness of a research method is questioned and then a new method is proposed.
(D) The use of a research method is described and the limitations of the results obtained are discussed.
(E) A research method is evaluated and the changes necessary for its adaptation to other subject areas are（D）
(F) discussed.
D
62. Which of the following is most similar to the actions of nineteenth-century ethnologists in their editing of the life stories of Native Americans?
(A) A witness in a jury trial invokes the Fifth Amendment in order to avoid relating personally incriminating evidence.
(B) A stockbroker refuses to divulge the source of her information on the possible future increase in a stock’s value.
(C) A sports announcer describes the action in a team sport with which he is unfamiliar.
(D) A chef purposely excludes the special ingredient from the recipe of his prizewinning dessert. （C）
(E) A politician fails to mention in a campaign speech the similarities in the positions held by her opponent for political office and by herself.
C
63. According to the passage, collecting life stories can be a useful methodology because
(A) life stories provide deeper insights into a culture than the hypothesizing of academics who are not members of that culture
(B) life stories can be collected easily and they are not subject to invalid interpretations
(C) ethnologists have a limited number of research methods from which to choose
(D) life stories make it easy to distinguish between the important and unimportant features of a culture（A）
(E) the collection of life stories does not require a culturally knowledgeable investigator
A
64. Information in the passage suggests that which of the following may be a possible way to eliminate bias in the editing of life stories?
(A) Basing all inferences made about the culture on an ethnological theory
(B) Eliminating all of the emotion-laden information reported by the informant
(C) Translating the informant’s words into the researcher’s language
(D) Reducing the number of questions and carefully specifying the content of the questions that the investigator can ask the informant（E）
(E) Reporting all of the information that the informant provides regardless of the investigator’s personal opinion about its intrinsic value
E
65. The primary purpose of the passage as a whole is to
(A) question an explanation
(B) correct a misconception
(C) critique a methodology
(D) discredit an idea（C）
(E) clarify an ambiguity
C
66. It can be inferred from the passage that a characteristic of the ethnological research on Native Americans conducted during the nineteenth century was the use of which of the following?
(A) Investigators familiar with the culture under study
(B) A language other than the informant’s for recording life stories
(C) Life stories as the ethnologist’s primary source of information
(D) Complete transcriptions of informants’ descriptions of tribal beliefs（B）
(E) Stringent guidelines for the preservation of cultural data
B
61.
The best answer is D. The first paragraph of the passage identifies a research method (recording
life stories) and explains the method’s uses. The second and third paragraphs explain limitations of
the method’s results. The final paragraph explains why the research method is useful despite its
limitations. Choice A, B, and C are incorrect because only one research method is discussed, not
two. Choice E can be eliminate because the passage does not discuss changing the method or
adapting it to any other subject area.
62.
The best answer is C. Lines 22-23 suggest that ethnologists “rarely spent enough time with the
tribes they were observing.” Ethnologists who did not spend enough time with tribes they were
observing were unlikely to be sufficiently familiar with the culture and customs of those tribes.
Such ethnologists nevertheless attempted to describe the lives of tribal members. This attempt can
be seen as analogous to the announcer’s attempt to describe the actions in a team sport with which
he is unfamiliar. Choice A, B, and D can be eliminated because the passage does not suggest
ethnologists deliberately withheld information. Choice E is incorrect because the passage does not
mention any common ideas or positions held by both the ethnologists and the Native Americans.
63.
The best answer is A, which paraphrases the passage’s assertion that life stores “are likely to throw
more light on the working of the mind and emotions than any amount of speculation from an
ethnologist or ethnological theorist from another culture” (lines 40-44). Choice B is incorrect
because the passage does not assess the difficulty of collecting life stories, and because the second
paragraph discusses ways in which life stories became distorted. Choice C is incorrect because the
passage does not specify how many research methods are available to ethnologists. Choice D can
be eliminated because the third paragraph mentions distortion arising from ethnologists’ failure to
recognize significant events in life stories. Choice E is incorrect because the second paragraph
suggests that life stories would be more useful if collected by culturally knowledgeable
investigators.
64.
The best answer is E. In the third paragraph, the passage asserts that editors made their own
decisions about which elements of the Native Americans’ life stories were important. It can
therefore be inferred from the passage that reporting all of an informant’s information would help
eliminate bias, because editing had involved subjective judgments about the intrinsic value of the
information. Choice A, C, and D can be eliminated because the passage does not attribute bias to
failures in adhering to ethnological theory, to translations into the researchers’ language, or
problems in the numbers and content of question posed. Choice B is not supported because the
second paragraph criticizes the emotion of the report, not that of the informant, for introducing
bias.
65.
The best answer is C. The passage describes a methodology, explain the methodology’s intended
uses, criticizes the methodology’s accurateness and comprehensiveness, and reaffirms the
methodology’s usefulness despite its limitations. Thus, the primary purpose of the passage is to
evaluate or critique a methodology.
66.
The best answer is B. Lines 30-32 state that “Native Americans recognized that the essence of
their lives could not be communicated in English,” that is, in the language of the ethnologists
recording the life stories. Since this statement supports the idea that “much was inevitably lost,” it
can be inferred that the informants used a language other than that used to record their life stories.
Choice A is incorrect because, in the second paragraph, the investigators are criticized for lacking
familiarity with the cultures they studies. Choice C is incorrect because ethnologists recorded life
stories to “supplement their own field observations” (lines 7-8). Choice D is incorrect because the
passage indicates that life stories were edited; choice E is incorrect because the passage provides
no information about guidelines used by the researchers.
